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Sawada, H**., B. C. Wright, J. Z. Chen, H. S. Lu*, and A. Daugherty* August 2018 - no abstract http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvy205. Despite major advances in hypertension therapy, even optimally treated hypertensive patients have high mortality compared to normotensive subjects. One manifestation of hypertension is aortic remodeling that predisposes to several cardiovascular diseases. There are still many unknowns on the mechanisms of the cellular and structural changes of hypertension-induced aortic remodeling. A publication by Zhang and colleagues in this issue of Cardiovascular Research reports effects of drebrin on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced aortic remodeling,1 which provides new insights into understanding mechanisms of vascular diseases. Drebrin is an actin-binding protein that was identified originally in neuronal cells.2 It has two isoforms that are splice variants, with drebrin A being expressed in neural cells, and drebrin E is present in several other cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs).3 Stiber and colleagues found that drebrin was abundant in atherosclerotic lesion of humans and mice.6 They also demonstrated increased drebrin expression in SMCs following wire-injury of the carotid artery in mice. This initial observation provided a rationale for Zhang et al1 to develop and study mice with SMC-specific deletion of drebrin. SMC-specific deletion of drebrin was achieved by breeding drebrin floxed mice with mice expressing Cre under the control of the endogenous SM22 promoter. The authors confirmed that there was profound reduction of drebrin in SMCs. Consistent with previous reports, the SM22 promoter also led to deletion of drebrin in non SMCs including fibroblasts.4 Deletion of drebrin in SMCs had no effect on AngII-induced increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as measured by both a tail-cuff based technique and radiotelemetry. Drebrin deficiency in SMCs also had no effects on AngIIinduced ex vivo aortic contractility, which occurs only in the infrarenal region of the aorta.5 Despite the lack of effect of drebrin deficiency on physiological parameters, there were profound effects on aortic pathology. This included increased AngII-induced aortic wall thickness, lumen area, and elastin breaks of the excised ascending aorta, and increased diameter of the aortic sinus in vivo (Figure 1). These changes did not occur in saline-infused mice. This augmentation of AngII-induced aortic pathology was only observed in the ascending aorta, not the descending aorta or bronchial arteries. Previous studies have demonstrated AngII-induced aortic thickening is due to hyperplasia in the ascending aorta, and hypertrophy in the rest of the aorta.6,7 Therefore, the response in SMC-specific drebrin deleted mice is consistent with a region-specific effect on hyperplasia. Having demonstrated the compelling phenotype of drebrin deficiency, subsequent studies delved into defining mechanisms of this effect. This included measurements of SMC proliferation, increased collagen I mRNA abundance, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, enhanced NF魏B signaling, increased VCAM-1 expression, increased MMP-9 abundance and enzymatic activity, increased adventitial macrophage accumulation, increased superoxide, and increased Nox1 mRNA and protein (Figure 1). All these measurements were performed on tissues extracted from mice infused with AngII for 28 days. At this interval, there is profound pathology in the ascending aorta. This leads to a 鈥渃hicken and egg鈥� situation in terms of mechanistic interpretation: Did the measured changes promote the pathology? Or were they a consequence of the pathology? Indeed at this interval of AngII infusion, in addition to processes promoting pathology, they may be reparative responses in an attempt to 鈥渉eal鈥� the aorta. There is no clear mode to resolve this conundrum. One potential approach is to acquire tissues at selected intervals during the disease evolution to determine whether changes can be observed prior to the appearance of overt pathology. While potentially enables greater mechanistic insight, it also greatly ratchets up the difficulty of performing the studies. One mechanism explored for promoting pathology was the potential for AngII responsiveness to be enhanced in the affected region. This was examined through measurement of mRNA abundance of AngII type 1a (AT1a) receptors, which was not measurably increased by drebrin deletion. Although there has been a pervasive assumption that AngII-induced aortic pathology is due to direct stimulation of SMCs, this has not been sustained by experimental approaches. Indeed, several groups have deleted AT1a receptor from SMCs but failed to detect effects on AngII-induced aortic pathologies.5,8,9 Consistent with AngII-induced aortic pathology not being attributed to direct stimulation of AT1a receptor on SMCs, the authors failed to co-precipitate drebrin and AT1a receptors in HEK-293 cells. These findings implicate that effects of SMCspecific drebrin on preventing aortic remodeling are not through direct interaction with AngII activation of AT1a receptors (Figure 1). This study also begs the question of why drebrin deficiency only influenced AngIIinduced pathology in the ascending aorta. One potential explanation is the difference of embryonic origins of SMCs in the ascending and descending aortic regions. The aortic sinus and ascending aorta are populated with SMCs derived from second heart field and cardiac neural crest, whereas the descending aorta is populated with SMCs derived from somites.10-14 Although it is a spatial concordance of these different embryonic origins with the effect of drebrin deletion on AngII-induced aortic remodeling, there has no direct evidence that SMCs from these different locations display functional differences. Defining sex differences is important, since this has a major effect on many cardiovascular responses.15 In this study, both male and female mice were studied. Given the recent clinical data illustrating sex differences in thoracic aortic aneurysm phenotype in male and female patients, it would be interesting to explore whether drebrin deletion in aortic remodeling is afforded similarly to male and female mice. Representing the data in a sex-specific manner may provide further insight into understanding mechanisms of the regional specific pathology. In conclusion, drebrin deficiency in SMCs leads to region-specific aortic remodeling in AngII-infused mice. We look forward to future studies to provide further mechanistic insight into AngII-induced aortic pathology. *Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Faculty ** Saha Cardiovascular Research Center Fellow